EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
AD-Module
PowerShell LocalAccounts Module
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.PowerShell.LocalAccounts
Import-Module .\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll
The list below briefly describes what each of these cmdlets is used for:
Add-LocalGroupMember: Add a user to the local group
Disable-LocalUser: Disable a local user account
Enable-LocalUser: Enable a local user account
Get-LocalGroup: View local group preferences
Get-LocalGroupMember: View the list of all local group members
Get-LocalUser: View local user account preferences
New-LocalGroup: Create a new local group
New-LocalUser: Create a new local user account
Remove-LocalGroup: Remove a local group
Remove-LocalGroupMember: Remove a member from a local group
Remove-LocalUser: Remove local user account
Rename-LocalGroup: Rename a local group
Rename-LocalUser: Rename a local user account
Set-LocalGroup: Change the settings of a local group
Set-LocalUser: Change the account settings of a local user
Example:
Add-LocalGroupMember -Group "Administrators" -Member "Username"
PowerView
# Load PowerView on Disk
./PowerView.ps1
# Import PowerView
. .\PowerView.ps1 # dot sourcing
IPMO .\PowerView.ps1 # short cut for Import-Module
Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1 # Import-Module
# Load PowerView
Import-Module PowerView
# Check if PowerView has been loaded Successfully
Get-InstalledModule
General PowerView Functions
Export-PowerViewCSV # thread-safe CSV append
Set-MacAttribute # Sets MAC attributes for a file based on another file or input (from Powersploit)
Copy-ClonedFile # copies a local file to a remote location, matching MAC properties
Get-IPAddress # resolves a hostname to an IP
Test-Server # tests connectivity to a specified server
Convert-NameToSid # converts a given user/group name to a security identifier (SID)
Convert-SidToName # converts a security identifier (SID) to a group/user name
Convert-NT4toCanonical # converts a user/group NT4 name (i.e. dev/john) to canonical format
Get-Proxy # enumerates local proxy settings
Get-PathAcl # get the ACLs for a local/remote file path with optional group recursion
Get-UserProperty # returns all properties specified for users, or a set of user:prop names
Get-ComputerProperty # returns all properties specified for computers, or a set of computer:prop names
Find-InterestingFile # search a local or remote path for files with specific terms in the name
Invoke-CheckLocalAdminAccess # check if the current user context has local administrator access to a specified host
Get-DomainSearcher # builds a proper ADSI searcher object for a given domain
Get-ObjectAcl # returns the ACLs associated with a specific active directory object
Add-ObjectAcl # adds an ACL to a specified active directory object
Get-LastLoggedOn # return the last logged on user for a target host
Get-CachedRDPConnection # queries all saved RDP connection entries on a target host
Invoke-ACLScanner # enumerate -1000+ modifable ACLs on a specified domain
Get-GUIDMap # returns a hash table of current GUIDs -> display names
Get-DomainSID # return the SID for the specified domain
Invoke-ThreadedFunction # helper that wraps threaded invocation for other functions
Net Functions
Get-NetDomain # gets the name of the current user's domain
Get-NetForest # gets the forest associated with the current user's domain
Get-NetForestDomain # gets all domains for the current forest
Get-NetDomainController # gets the domain controllers for the current computer's domain
Get-NetUser # returns all user objects, or the user specified (wildcard specifiable)
Add-NetUser # adds a local or domain user
Get-NetComputer # gets a list of all current servers in the domain
Get-NetPrinter # gets an array of all current computers objects in a domain
Get-NetOU # gets data for domain organization units
Get-NetSite # gets current sites in a domain
Get-NetSubnet # gets registered subnets for a domain
Get-NetGroup # gets a list of all current groups in a domain
Get-NetGroupMember # gets a list of all current users in a specified domain group
Get-NetLocalGroup # gets the members of a localgroup on a remote host or hosts
Add-NetGroupUser # adds a local or domain user to a local or domain group
Get-NetFileServer # get a list of file servers used by current domain users
Get-DFSshare # gets a list of all distribute file system shares on a domain
Get-NetShare # gets share information for a specified server
Get-NetLoggedon # gets users actively logged onto a specified server
Get-NetSession # gets active sessions on a specified server
Get-NetRDPSession # gets active RDP sessions for a specified server (like qwinsta)
Get-NetProcess # gets the remote processes and owners on a remote server
Get-UserEvent # returns logon or TGT events from the event log for a specified host
Get-ADObject # takes a domain SID and returns the user, group, or computer object associated with it
Set-ADObject # takes a SID, name, or SamAccountName to query for a specified domain object, and then sets a pecified 'PropertyName' to a specified 'PropertyValue'
Privilege Escalation
Kerberoasting
You have an SPN service/user the attack works because by default any domain user can request a Ticket to these user's/services the Kerberos grant's a ticket, this ticket is later stored in memory and you can grab this ticket, save it offline and crack the hash file to gain clear-text credentials.
Tim Medin presented at DerbyCon 2014 a tool called Kerberoast which cracks Kerberoast TGS tickets, He determined that possession of a TGS service ticket encrypted with the RC4 provides the opportunity to take the ticket to a password-cracking computer (or cloud system) and an attempt to crack the service account's password. How does this work? Since the TGS Kerberos ticket is encrypted with RC4 encryption, that means the service account's password hash is used to encrypt the ticket. The cracking system loops through converts to NTLM, and attempts to open the TGS ticket. If the TGS ticket is opened, we know the clear text password and the NTLM password for the account.
In Summary
Kerberoasting abuses traits of the Kerberos protocol to harvest password hashes for Active Directory user accounts with serviceprincipalName (SPN) values (i.e. service accounts). A user is allowed to request a ticket-granting service (TGS) ticket for any SPN, and parts of the TGS may be encrypted with the RC4 using the password hash of the service account assigned the requested SPN as the key.
An adversary who can extract the TGS ticket from memory, or capture them by sniffing network traffic, can extract the service account's password hash and attempt an offline brute force attack to obtain the plaintext password.
Now will use a few methods to search for any Kerberoastable Users. This can be done with any domain user this attack is abused since any domain user can request a ticket for an SPN account we verify our domain account
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I will use Rubeus to locate Kerberoastable user's an OPSEC tactic to consider is using the /stats parameter this will only search for Kerberoastable Users on the current domain without requesting a Ticket to the DC.
Rubeus kerberoast /stats
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We can Enumerate the specific users of the Domain that are available for Kerberoast, the following command will enumerate users with a Service Principal Name.
SharpView.exe Get-DomainUser -SPN
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Now we can request the ticket from the users and choose the format-specific for our cracking tool which this preference would be hashcat
Rubeus kerberoast /domain:DominionCyber.local /user:jnovoa /nowrap
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Now with this available, we can crack the password offline utilizing hashcat, once sent to our cracking rig we can use wordlists to attack this hash and try cracking it with this one we managed to get the password by utilizing the RockYou wordlist with a ruleset.
hashcat.exe -m 13100 -a 0 hashes wordlist
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